日常饮食与心血管疾病风险之间的关系尚未被明确阐述,近日研究人员考察了日常饮食元素对血脂和血压的影响。

The relationship between daily diet and the risk of cardiovascular diseases has not been clearly elucidated. Recently, researchers investigated the impact of daily dietary elements on blood lipids and blood pressure.

来自北美、南美、欧洲、非洲以及亚洲等18个国家的125287名参与者参加了PURE研究，通过标准调查问卷记录参与者的饮食情况。研究人员评估日常饮食中的多种营养元素(总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、碳水化合物、蛋白质和膳食胆固醇)与心血管疾病之间的关系。

A total of 125,287 participants from 18 countries including North America, South America, Europe, Africa and Asia took part in the PURE study, and their dietary habits were recorded through standard questionnaires. Researchers evaluated the relationship between multiple nutrients in the daily diet (total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins and dietary cholesterol) and cardiovascular diseases.

研究持续了10年。研究发现总脂肪以及各类脂肪摄入较多的参与者其总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及脂蛋白A1水平较高，但甘油三酯、胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及脂蛋白B/脂蛋白A1的比例较低；碳水化合物摄入高的参与者，其总胆固醇、脂蛋白B、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及脂蛋白A1的水平较低，但甘油三酯、胆固醇/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及脂蛋白B/脂蛋白A1的比例较高；总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸以及碳水化合物摄入高的参与者其血压水平较高，蛋白摄入量高的参与者其血压水平较低。以饱和脂肪酸代替碳水化合物可导致严重的血脂异常，而不饱和脂肪酸代替碳水化合物可改善低密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及血压异常，但加重高密度脂蛋白胆固醇以及甘油三酯异常。饱和脂肪酸摄入与心血管事件之间的相关性是通过脂蛋白B/脂蛋白A比例反映，与其他脂代谢指标不相关。

The research lasted for ten years. The research found that participants who consumed more total fat and various types of fat had higher levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein A1, but lower ratios of triglycerides, cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein B/ lipoprotein A1. Participants with high carbohydrate intake had lower levels of total cholesterol, lipoprotein B, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein A1, but higher ratios of triglycerides, cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein B/ lipoprotein A1. Participants with high intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids and carbohydrates had higher blood pressure levels, while those with high protein intake had lower blood pressure levels. Replacing carbohydrates with saturated fatty acids can lead to severe dyslipidemia, while replacing carbohydrates with unsaturated fatty acids can improve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and abnormal blood pressure, but aggravate abnormal high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. The correlation between saturated fatty acid intake and cardiovascular events is reflected by the ratio of lipoprotein B to lipoprotein A, and is not correlated with other lipid metabolism indicators.

研究发现，减少饱和脂肪酸摄入或以碳水化合物代替饱和脂肪酸会导致参与者血脂代谢异常，不饱和脂肪酸替代饱和脂肪酸可能改善一些风险指标，但可能加重某些风险。脂蛋白B/脂蛋白A比例是最为全面的心血管脂代谢相关风险考察指标。

Research has found that reducing the intake of saturated fatty acids or replacing saturated fatty acids with carbohydrates can lead to abnormal lipid metabolism in participants. The substitution of unsaturated fatty acids for saturated fatty acids may improve some risk indicators, but it may increase certain risks. The ratio of lipoprotein B to lipoprotein A is the most comprehensive indicator for assessing risks related to cardiovascular lipid metabolism.